Competition Coaching Centre Siliguri & Gangtok
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PAPER 1: UNIT IX
People, Development and Environment
Environmental
Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International
agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity,
Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance.
Environmental
Protection Act of 1986 19th November 1986, Environment Protection Act came in
force in the Parliament of India in the wake of Bhopal Tragedy. It is under
Article 253 of the Indian Constitution. The Environment Protection Act is
mainly to the protection and development of the environment from the danger of
human beings, other living being, plants and property. It mainly focuses on the
prevention and development of pollution in the environment and the causes of
human health if any accident happens.
National Action Plan
on Climate Change (NAPCC) an initiative formulated by Government of India on
30th June 2008 to deal with the future policies and programs for the climatic
improvement and adjustment. It put together the national plan on water, renewable
energy, energy efficiency agriculture, etc.
The executions of the
Action plan are constituted under 8 missions that are responsible to achieve
the goals of adaptation and improvement. They are as follows:
1.
National
Solar Mission – The
main objective is to use solar energy for power generation and other uses. To
promote the use of solar power, this initiative was started in 2010.
2.
National
Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency – The main objective is to save and promote maximum energy by
developing new policies and measures. In 2009, the Prime Minister’s Council
approved it on Climate Change.
3.
National
Mission on Sustainable Habitat– It emphasized on Energy conservation on urban waste, management
recycling which includes the production of power from waste, development of
energy efficiency in buildings and use of public transport. Prime Minister
approved this mission in 2011.
4.
National Water Mission – To improve
water efficiency through pricing and other measures. The main objective of the
mission is to help to preserve water, minimize wastage and to make sure that
the distributions of water are done on an equitable basis across and within the
states. Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
are the members who supported this mission.
5.
National
Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem – It aims to preserve the biodiversity,
forest conservation and other ecological problems that are causing problems in
the Himalayan region.
6.
National
Mission for a “Green India” –
Its main goal is to expand the forest and promote “Green India” by protecting,
refurbishing and enhancing the forests in India which are diminishing. It’s
taking various measures in responding to climate change by adopting and taking
different steps towards it. In 2014, Ministry of Environment and Forests got
go-ahead to work on this from the Cabinet.
7.
National
Mission for Sustainable Agriculture – The main objective is how climatic change affects crops and their
development through various mechanisms. For example, in areas where there are
more rains, it focuses on integrated farming, use of water efficiently, soil
health management, etc. It got approval from the government in 2010.
8.
National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for
Climate Change – It
aims for the climatic changes and its impact. The mission tries to improve
through research and international collaboration. The mission is run by the
Department of Science and Technology.
Montreal
Protocol:
The Montreal Protocol
on Substance is a global agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out
the production of various substances that are responsible for ozone reduction.
The main objective of the Montreal Protocol was to protect the ozone layer by
taking different steps to manage the production and consumption of depleting
substances (ODS) and to remove it completely. It was agreed on 26 August 1987,
and entered into force on 16 September 1989, following the first meeting in
Helsinki, May 1989. Signed: 16 September 1987.
Rio
Summit :
It is also known as
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED which was
held on Rio from 3rd to 14th June 1992. The main objective of the summit was to
stop the destruction of various natural resources and to handle pollution which
is affecting the planet. And the condition of the global environment and its
association between economics, science and the environment in a political
context. 105 countries participated in the Earth Summit, for this development.
Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD) : It is an international treaty with three main objectives: - 1.
Conservation of biodiversity 2. Sustainable use of biodiversity 3. Fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits which occur from the genetic recourses. This
treaty was signed on 5th June 1992 and was effective from 29th December 1993.
Over 196 countries participated in Rio de Janeiro.
UNFCCC – United
Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change The UNFCCC secretariat (UN
Climate Change) was established in 1992 when countries adopted the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The UNFCCC entered
into force on 21 March 1994. Today, it has near-universal membership. The 197
countries that have ratified the Convention are called Parties to the
Convention.
Kyoto
Protocol: The Kyoto Protocol
is an international agreement which was extended on the 1992 United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change like to reduce the greenhouse gas
emission based on scientific agreement.
This Protocol was
signed on 11th December 1997 and was effective from 16th February 2005 in
Kyoto. Over 192 countries participated in this.
India has ratified
the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol known as the Doha Amendment
to the protocol.
Paris
Agreement:
Paris Agreement is an
international agreement to fight against climate change. The main objective of
this agreement was to stop global warming and the threat of dangerous climatic
changes. Over 195 countries participated in the Paris Agreement from 30th
November to 11th December 2015. The Paris Agreement opened for signature on 22
April 2016 – Earth Day – at UN Headquarters in New York. It entered into force
on 4 November 2016. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to
well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the
temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels
International
Solar Alliance:
In International
Solar Alliance over 122 countries participated and the same was initiated by
India and founded in the year 2015.
The main objective of
this alliance is to increase the use of solar energy among the International
Solar Alliance member countries in a convenient, safe, affordable and
sustainable manner.
Vision and mission of
the International Solar Alliance is to provide a dedicated platform for
cooperation among solar resource-rich countries where the global community,
including bilateral and multilateral organizations, corporate, industry, and
other stakeholders, can make a positive contribution to assist and help achieve
the common goals of increasing the use of solar energy in meeting energy needs
of prospective ISA member countries in a safe, convenient, affordable,
equitable and sustainable manner.
Its major objectives
include global deployment of over 1,000GW of solar generation capacity and
mobilisation of investment of over US $1000 billion into solar energy by 2030.
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