Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.

 

Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.

Teaching is one of the instruments of education and is a special function is to impart understanding and skill. The main function of teaching is to make learning effective. The learning process would get completed as a result of teaching. So, teaching and learning are very closely related.

Teaching is a process in which one individual teaches or instruct another individual. Teaching is considered as the act of imparting instructions to the learners in the classroom situation. It is watching systematically.

 Dewey: - considers it as a manipulation of the situation, where the learner will acquire skills and insight with his initiation.

The major objective of teaching covers different types of intended learning outcomes.

1.    Acquisition of knowledge

2.    Development of Understanding

3.    Development of Conceptual, intellectual and subject-specific skills

4.     Development of values.

 

Nature and characteristic of teaching

Ø Teaching is a complete social process- Teaching is undertaken for society and by society. With ever-changing social ideas, it is not possible to describe the exact and permanent nature of teaching.

Ø  Teaching is giving information- Teaching tells students about the things they have to know and students cannot find out themselves. Communication of knowledge is an essential part of teaching.

Ø  Teaching is an interactive process- Teaching is an interactive process between the student and the teaching sources, which is essential for the guidance, progress, and development of students.

Ø Teaching is a process of development and learning.

Ø Teaching causes a change in behaviour.

Ø  Teaching is an art as well as science.

Ø Teaching is face to face encounter.

Ø Teaching is observable, measurable and modifiable.

Ø  Teaching is a skilled occupation: - Every successful teacher is expected to know the general methods of teaching-learning situations.

Ø Teaching facilitates learning

Ø Teaching is both a conscious and an unconscious process.

Ø Teaching is from memory level to reflective level.

Ø Teaching is a continuum of training, conditioning, instruction, and indoctrination.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Levels of teaching: memory, understanding and reflective

Memory Level of Teaching :

Ø Knowledge or information is gained by the learner through the memorization.

Ø  It is the initial stage of teaching and induces the habit of ROTE Learning of facts and subject matters

Ø  Its provide students with the ability to retain and reproduce the learnt subject.

Ø  It covers only the knowledge-based objectives of Bloom’s Taxonomy. At this level, the student learns to identify, recall or remembers the objects, events, ideas and retain them in memory.

Ø The teacher plays a very dominating and authoritarian role while instructing

Ø The evaluation system mainly includes Oral, Written and easy type-examination as well organized and is simple so that it can be acquired through rote learning.

Ø  The role of the teacher is prominent (Primary & active) and that of the student is secondary (Secondary & Passive).

Ø  Memory level teaching does not improve intelligence and increase student’s capability but this is required for other types of teaching levels.

Classification of memory:

 Immediate memory: when a recall is immediate

Permanent memory: the recalling of material for a longer time.

Personal memory: while recalling the experience, we remember our personal experience. Impersonal memory: recalling from books, and companion.

Active memory: make effort to recall past experiences, recalling answer in exams.

Passive memory: recall experience without effort.

Mechanical memory or physical memory: body becoming habitual of doing any task repeatedly.

Rote memory: cramming facts without understanding.

 Logical memory: to learn something by using intellect and it’s recalling when needed.

Understanding Level of Teaching :

1. Memory level teaching is the prerequisite for the understanding level of teaching as it talks about the generalization of principles, theory and other key important facts.

 2. This helps to build the thinking level of students to make use of their acquired knowledge based on previously known facts and subjects.

3. The teacher explains the student about the relationship between principles and facts and teaches them how these principles can be applied.

4. It focusses on mastery of the subject

5. It provides more and more opportunity for the students to develop skills of ‘Memory + Insight’

6. The evaluation system of this level is mainly objective type questions and essay.

7. Student and teacher both play an active role in the Understanding level of teaching

Reflective Level of Teaching:

Ø Its main objective to develop problem-solving, critical and constructive, independent, original thinking.

Ø At this level, the emphasis is laid on identifying the problem, defining it and finding a solution to it. The student’s original thinking and creative-abilities develop at this level.

Ø  A student is Core ‘Active & Primary’ while Teacher becomes ‘Secondary & passive’ in this.

Ø  In Reflective level of teaching (RLT) Hunt is the main Proponent. It includes ULT and MLT. It is problem-centred teaching. The students are assumed to adopt some sort of research approach to solve the problem. The classroom environment is to be sufficiently ‘Open and Independent’

Ø Hunt developed the reflective model of teaching which goes through the various steps including creating a problematic situation. Formulate and verify the hypothesis, data analysis and testing the hypothesis around the problem.

Ø   Essay type test is used to evaluate the learning process.

Ø  The teaching at this level is not teacher-centred or subject-centred, it is leaner centred

Important Questions

1.    As a teacher what techniques you would follow to motivate students of  your class– 

1. By setting induction 2. Use of  black board 3. By illustration  4. By active participation of students  (A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 4 (C) 2 and 4  (D) All of these .

2.    Which of the following is not a prescribed level of teaching? A) memory  B) Understanding  C) Reflective   D) Differentiation

3.    Which of the following statement is not appropriate to motivation as a process 

A).It causes a person to move towards a goal     B.) It satisfies the person's biological needs C.) It helps in achieving a psychological ambition  D.) Send to seek medical help

4.    Which of the following sets of statements represents acceptable propositions in respect of teaching – learning relationships? Choose the correct code to indicate your answer. i) When students fail in a test, it is the teacher who fails. ii) Every teaching must aim at ensuring learning. iii) There can be teaching without learning taking place. iv) There can be no learning without teaching. v) A teacher teaches but learns also.  vi) Real learning implies rote learning.

Codes

A) ii, iii, iv and v                       B)  i, ii, iii, and v

C) iii, iv, v and vi                       D)  i, ii, v, and vi

5.    A college level assistant professor has planned his/her lectures with an intent to develop cognitive dimensions of students centered on skills of analysis and synthesis. Below, given are two sets of items, Set I consisting of levels of cognitive interchange and Set II comprising basic requirements for promoting them. Match the two sets and indicate your answer by choosing the correct alternative from the code.

SET  I                                                  SET II

( levels of cognitive interchange)         ( Basic requirements for promoting cognitive interchange)                        

A. Memory level                          1. Giving opportunity for discriminating examples

                                                            and non- examples of a point

B. Understanding level               2. Recording the important points made during the presentations.

C. Reflective level                3. Asking the students to discuss various items of information

                         4. Critically analyzing the points to be made and  

                               discussed

 Code :  A   B   C                 A   B   C

       A)  2   4   1               B) 3   4   2

       C)  2    1   4             D) 1   2   3

6.    What are required for good teaching?

1. Diagnosis  2. Remedy  3. Direction   4. Feedback

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

A) 3 and 4 B) 2, 3 and 4  C) 1 and 2   D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

7.     Which of the following is the highest level of cognitive ability? A) Knowing   B) Understanding C) Analyzing    D) Evaluating

8.    “Spare the rod and spoil the child”, gives the message that

   A) punishment in the class should be banned   B) corporal punishment is not acceptable  C)Undesirable behavior must be punished D) children should be beaten with rods.

9.    The  most appropriate meaning of learning is:  a)Acquisition of skills  b) Modification of behavior  c)Personal adjustment  d) Inculcation of knowledge

10. The Blackboard can be utilized best by a teacher for : a)putting the matter of teaching in black and white  b) making the students attentive c)writing the important  and notable points  d) Highlighting the teacher himself

11. Now a days the most effective mode of learning is    a) Self Study                 b) face – to- face learning   c) e- learning d) blended learning

12. Which one is the highest order of learning?  a)chain learning  b) Problem- solving learning  c) Stimulus- response learning    d) Conditioned reflex learning